Housing and Employment Barriers for Ex-Offenders

Housing and Employment Barriers for Ex-Offenders Background Inmates in America often face barriers from prison to successful reentry back into the community. They are often released with a bus ticket and a minimal amount of gate money. They reenter back into the community with no health insurance, no guidance with employment, and no financial resource for housing. In 1999, approximately 33 percent of state prison releases were drug offenders, 25 percent were violent offenders, and 31 percent were property offenders (Hughes Wilson, 2017). There are approximately 13 million people admitted to and released from jail (Solomon, 2012). In 2007, more than 725,000 inmates were released from state and federal prisons in the United States (Baillargeon, et. al, 2010). By the end of 2010, the United States federal and state prison facilities held over 1.6 million prisoners. Approximately 95 percent of all state prisoners will eventually be released from prison, and an estimated 80 percent will be released on parole supervision (Hughes Wilson, 2017). There are approximately 730,000 inmates that are released on a yearly basis (Mears Mestre, 2012). A study that looked at recidivism in over 40 states concluded that more than four out of 10 offenders will return to state prison within three years of their release (Justice Center The Council of State Governments, 2017).There were 23 percent of adults exiting parole in 2010 which: 127,918 individuals returned back to prison due to violating their terms of supervision, 9 percent of adults exited parole in 2010, and 49,334 individuals returned to prison for a new conviction (Council of State Governments, 2017) Barriers to Employment The two most common barriers that inmates in America face are securing employment and housing (Gideon Sung, 2011). Ex-offenders are having a difficult time with finding employment after being released from prison, which is a huge barrier to successfully transitioning back into the community. Ex-offenders who are able to find jobs are normally referred by their family or friends. The programs that are successful with helping ex-offenders find employment are limited in capacity and geographic reach (Gideon Sung, 2011). The jobs that are likely to hire ex-offenders are scarce due to downsizing. There are several barriers that ex-offenders face when trying to find employment. Those who have history of being convicted for a felony are legally prohibited from certain occupations: Those that work with population who are deemed vulnerable Child care Nursing Private sector jobs-barber, beautician, pharmacist, embalmer, optometrist, plumber, and real estate professional (Gideon Sung, 2011) However, this does vary from state-to-state. There are jobs that offenders are restricted from pursuing in which prisoners receive training for while imprisoned. A study conducted on employers in Los Angeles concluded that businesses that check criminal backgrounds are less likely to hire those with a criminal record. Thus, background checks hinder ex-offenders chances of securing employment. Employers are allowed to deny jobs to those with a criminal record or those who hold an arrest record. A survey concluded that more than 60 percent of employers would not hire those with a criminal record (Solomon, 2012). Pager conducted an experimental audit and found that both race and a criminal record plays a factor in finding employment. Only five percent of Blacks with a criminal record received a call back. 14 percent of Blacks without a criminal record were called back by employers. Whereas, 17 percent of Whites with a criminal record received a call back from employers. 34 percent of Whites without a criminal record were called by employers (Gideon Sung, 2011). There was a three-state sample that concluded 45% of the 65% of employed ex-offenders continued to be employed (Gideon Sung, 2011). A new study concluded that an estimated one-third of American adults were arrested by the time they were 23 years old (Solomon, 2012). Criminal records keep many people from finding a job even though they have paid their dues, are qualified for the job, and are less likely to reoffend. Regardless of the type of crime committed, a criminal record will hinder an ex-offenders chances of finding employment. Amongst 75 largest counties, there were an estimated one-third of felony arrests that did not lead to conviction. Yet, the arrest still shows on the criminal background, which affects the chances of them getting a job. Most arrests are for minor or nonviolent offenses. In 2009, only four percent of 14 million arrests consisted of violent crimes, including murder, rape, robbery, and aggravated assault (Solomon, 2012). Ex-offenders who are African American may experience racial discrimination when looking for employment compared to Whites. Devah Pager conducted two studies involving employment audits of men in Milwaukee and New York City. Both studies were funded by the National Institute of Justice and found that having a criminal record does reduce ones chance of getting a call back or a job offer by an estimate of 50 percent (Solomon, 2012). African Americans were penalized for having a criminal record in comparison to White applicants. More recent studies reported that Latinos also suffered from having a criminal record and had a more difficult time finding employment compared to Whites. Arrests in 2009 by Offense (Solomon, 2012) Type of Offense Crimes Property Crimes (18% of arrests) Burglary Larceny-theft Motor vehicle theft Arson Vandalism Stolen property Forgery Counterfeiting Fraud embezzlement Drug Crimes (12% of arrests) Production Distribution Use of Controlled Substances Other Crimes (56% of all arrests) Disorderly conduct Drunkenness Prostitution Vagrancy Loitering Driving Under the Influence (DUI) Weapons Violations Ban The Box The number of governmental entities and advocates increased, and they support removing the box on employment application to help ex-offenders stand a higher chance of being employed. Ban the Box is a movement that was established in 2003 (Bergen Bressler, 2016). It is also known as Fair Chance Act. Their goal is to remove the criminal history box to encourage employers to consider applicants based on their credentials and qualifications versus their conviction. It is difficult for ex-offenders who have a criminal record to secure employment because employers perceive them as being untrustworthy, lacking relevant job skills, and inclined to steal (Bergen Bressler, 2016). According to the Justice Department, approximately 60 to 75 percent of former inmates are unable to find employment within their first year out of jail (Bergen Bressler, 2016). Ban the Box law will impose restrictions on what employers can inquire based on criminal history by limiting: What can be asked prior to being hired When can inquiries be made The amount of investigation done on ones criminal history record (Bergen Bressler, 2016). Hawaii was the first state to adopt a fair-chance law, which applied to public and private employment (excluding the federal government) in 1998 (Bergen Bressler, 2016). Such statute restricts an employer from inquiring about an applicants history of conviction prior to being hired. There are other states that established statewide or local laws of Ban the Box, including: California, Oregon, New York, Texas, Washington, and Washington D.C. (Hire Image Background Screening Specialist, 2017). New York City adopted a Fair Chance Act, which makes it illegal for employers to inquire about a criminal record of potential applicants prior to making a job offer (NYC, 2016). Barriers to Housing Housing is another common barrier that ex-offenders face when released back into the community. Ex-offenders find it difficult to find temporary housing on their own and lack funds to rent a place of their own. Thus, the majority tends to live with their family members once released from prison. An Urban Institute study concluded that an estimated three quarters of those released in Chicago planned to live with family (Gideon Sung, 2011). 88 percent were living with family 4 to 8 months later (Gideon Sung, 2011). 30 percent of female releasees reported being physically or sexually abused by family members they end up staying with (Gideon Sung, 2011). 12 percent of male Chicago releasees reported being physically abused or threatened by a family member months before incarceration (Gideon Sung, 2011). Housing is a significant barrier as landlords will deny ex-offenders tenancy due to their criminal record, and are unable to afford market rent or provide a security deposit. This is the reason why approximately 10 to 50% of parolees become homeless (Gideon Sung, 2011). Although there are other housing resources that ex-offenders could resort to, they have a limited capacity. There are also limitations on ex-offenders who were convicted of sex crimes. The Megans Law requires sex offenders to register and is supported by 47 states, which makes offenders ineligible for public housing. There are 31 states that have laws similar to Jessicas Law, which limits convicted sex offenders (Gideon Sung, 2011). This includes restricting where sex offenders can live, and are required to distance themselves from schools or parks. Prison Fellowship Prison fellowship is a reentry program available to ex-offenders. It is a Christian-based program that aims at giving hope, healing, and a new purpose for life to each ex-offender because they believe that the most broken situations can be made whole again (Prison Fellowship, 2017). This program also provides advice and guidance on how to overcome barriers, including: housing, employment, and finances. It is beneficial to ex-offenders as they will be provided with advice on the necessary resources that they need to successfully transition back into the community. Other Barriers Ex-offenders who have felony drug convictions deal with legal limitations. The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity and Reconciliation Act of 1996 bans those convicted for a felony drug charge for a lifetime. Meaning, these offenders are unable to receive Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) and food stamps (Gideon Sung). This tends to be a barrier that some ex-offenders face when released because it reduces their income. Also, drug offenders who intended on going back to school are unable to take out a student loan (Gideon Sung, 2011). Cognitive-Behavioral Approaches Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) consists of various treatment interventions. CBT can help with changing peoples feelings, including their values (Gideon Sung, 2011). This type of approach helps offenders with gaining self-control and responsibility toward others and the community. There are six CBT programs that are most commonly used in correctional settings: Aggression Replacement Training (ART) Criminal Conduct and Substance Abuse Treatment Moral Reconation Therapy (MRT) Reasoning and Rehabilitation (RR) Relapse Prevention Therapy (RPT) Thinking for a Change (T4C) (Gideon Sung, 2011) These programs will help rehabilitate offenders and they will stand a chance to successfully face difficult barriers that they may encounter. Such programs have been extensively experimented with among various types of offenders, including juvenile offenders, substance-abusing offenders, sex offenders, sex offenders, and violent offenders (Gideon Sung, 2011). Conclusion It is important that these barriers ex-offenders face are addressed in order for them to have a successful transition back into the community. The people of America need to be informed of these barriers so that we can help make a difference in our communities by reducing the rate of recidivism. This will allow our communities to be safeguarded from ex-offenders so long as they are able to successfully transition back into our community. Their wrongdoings and criminal activity does not only impact themselves, it also impacts their loved ones and those who are victimized. Therefore, it is important to know the statistics and studies of barriers that hinder the reintegration of ex-offenders in which we could help them successfully overcome the barriers that they may have a difficult time with. References Baillargeon, J., Hoge, S.K., Penn, J.V. 2010. Addressing the challenge of community reentry among released inmates with serious mental illness. American Journal of Community Psychology, 46, 361-375. doi: 10.1007/s10464-010-9345-6 Ban the box laws. 2017. Hire Image Background Specialists. Retrieved online from http://www.hireimage.com/ban-the-box/ Bergen, V. Bressler, M. S. 2016. Ban the box: Protecting employer rights while improving opportunities for ex-offender job seekers. Employer Relations Law Journal, 42, 26-50. Fair chance act. 2016. NYC. Retrieved online from https://www1.nyc.gov/site/cchr/media/fair-chance-act-campaign.page Gideon, L., Sung, H. 2011. Rethinking corrections rehabilitation, reentry, and reintegration. SAGE Publications: Thousand Oaks, CA. Hughes, T. Wilson D.J. 2017. Reentry tends in the United States: inmates returning to the community after serving time in prison. Bureau of Justice Statistics. Retrieved online from https://www.bjs.gov/content/reentry/reentry.cfm Mears, D. P., Mestre, J. (2012). Prisoner reentry, employment, signaling, and the better identification of Desisters. Criminology Public Policy, 11(1), 5-15. DOI:10.1111/j.1745-9133.2012.00 NRRC facts and trends. 2017. Justice Center The Council of State Governments. Retrieved online from https://csgjusticecenter.org/nrrc/facts-and-trends/ Preparing for reentry. 2017. Prison Fellowship. Retrieved online from https://www.prisonfellowship.org/resources/support-friends-family-of-prisoners/resources-for-reentry/# Scanlon, W. (2001). Ex-convicts: A workplace diversity issue. Employee Assistance Quarterly, 16, 35-51. doi:10.1300/J022v16n04_03 Solomon, A. 2012. In search of a job: Criminal records as barriers to employment. Office of Justice Programs National Institute of Justice. Retrieved online from https://www.nij.gov/journals/270/Pages/criminal-records.aspx

Airline Regulations

AIRLINE REGULATIONS Research Paper AVSC 1220 TREVOR CARTER ID # 10524707 *The airline industry operates like the veins of the United States by pumping precious cargo throughout the country. Most *people don’t realize how different the airlines were a few decades ago. The entire industry was regulated by the government. Regulation is usually considered a more socialistic liberal idea that is opposed by conservative capitalists. Although I personally believe in a government with a small limited *role* in our daily lives, I have come to the conclusion that the airline industry is a rare exception that needs to return to regulation which would benefit the airlines and the consumers in numerous ways. In the days of regulation the government had total control of routes, fares, gates and almost anything necessary to operate an airline. It also created many barriers to entry which would prevent any new start up airline. All the government would have to do is not allow them at any airports or not approve of any route application. Economists complained that regulation was inefficient so in 1978 the Airline Deregulation Act was passed allowing the free market to dictate airline prices and schedules. The following thirty years have proved this to be a terrible mistake. There are a wide range of facts when looking for the change in price of a ticket today compared to the airlines under regulation. Some say the tickets are 15* % cheaper. Others claim there is hardly a difference because one must account for the 10% travel agent fee that is avoided with today’s online booking. So there is clearly no great ticket price benefit due to deregulation. However in the past tickets were fully refundable and you could change your destination without numerous penalties. Today people scour the internet for a discounted ticket which will usually mean a few stops along the way that may not be in the general direction of their destination. Some passengers may have to fly into alternative airports to receive a discount. Southwest airlines now flies into most major airports just as the legacy airlines do, however, in Southwest’s early days they broke into the freshly deregulated industry by basing their operation out of LUV field Dallas (not Dallas Ft. Worth International Airport) and flying to locations such as Burbank, CA. The reason for this was because it is much cheaper to operate out of these airports to avoid paying high prices for gates and other airport fees. Southwest also undercut the pay scales across the board. They were the first low cost carrier. By *saving all this money they would be able to provide cheaper tickets to customers and the free market was beginning its control on the industry. This started the domino effect of airlines entering the market. *With a few major airlines doing most of the long haul flights many commuter airlines have started business with 100 seat type jets. Most people will see US Airways Express and think it is a division of US Airways; however that airplane might be one of 4 or 5 airlines that fly under the US Airways paint scheme. The air is absolutely saturated with all of these small jets. The air traffic control system *needs to be upgraded because of this. Instead of having 737’s make two or three flights a day on a short haul trip say from Philly to Buffalo, they will have these 100 seat regional jets make 5 or 6 flights a day. With fuel prices soaring this does not seem efficient. Safety of the consumer is also being endangered. For the last year or so many small regional airlines were hiring a large amount of pilots due to a shortage. The minimum flight time qualifications were dropped lower than they have ever been before. Some new hires are getting in the cockpit with as little as 300 hours. The average airline pilot has several thousand hours. With flight training declining every year due to the high cost, commercial pilots are becoming scarcer. When you add more airplanes while fewer pilots are being trained it creates a huge shortage. The Federal Aviation Administration pushed the mandatory retirement age to 65 adding 5 more years to a pilots career if he chooses to stay which many aren’t and won’t, due to the terrible state of the industry and conditions they have been working in. This is just a temporary fix that might stave off the shortage for a few years but hiring will start again and there won’t be enough pilots let alone enough experience pilots to fly all of these airplanes. Under regulation when oil quadrupled in the 70’s, the price was passed onto the consumer by raising ticket prices. This is unfortunate but it is a part of the way our economy works. Today with prices rising, the airlines will not raise prices and instead try to run other companies into the ground by lowering prices. This is not healthy competition. The airline industry lost 25 billion dollars from 2000*-2005. During that period a*irfares dropped 10* percent while 20 airlines went bankrupt. US Airways and Northwest Airlines have removed their obligation to their pension funds by pleading in *bankruptcy court that they couldn’t operate *without* do*ing so. This wiped out over 8,5*00 pilots retirement funds between the two of them. Over 7000 Delta pilots have also since lost their retirements. * Pilots have conceded roughly 25-35*% pay cuts along with losing their retirements in order to keep these airlines afloat and ensure the passenger gets a good deal on their ticket. Within the past few weeks Aloha Airlines joined the ranks and went out of business continuing the downward spiral of the airline industry specifically over the last 10 years. Delta and Northwest announced on April 14th a plan to merge which would create the largest airline in the world. There is also speculation of many more mergers and or bankruptcies to come. Mergers are a sign of these companies being better off w orking together than separate. That is certainly not the healthy competition the lawmakers of the 60’s and 70’s envisioned while forming this plan. Deregulation has lent instability to an industry which serves to make the world flatter. Maybe it would be in the broader interest if this industry went back to the era of regulation. Not that the system was flawless but at least with a guaranteed return on capital, airlines wouldn’t be forced to cut corners and compromise safety *. * There has been recent talk of law makers on Capitol Hill revisiting the regulation idea due to the horrible state of the industry. Hopefully they will work quickly and save the sinking ship before it’s too late*. SOURCES L. Smith Jr. , Fred. â€Å"Airline Deregulation. Library of Economics and Liberty 25 Nov 2008 http://www. econlib. org/library/Enc/AirlineDeregulation. html. *Barnum, John. â€Å"What Prompted Airline Deregulation 20 Years Ago? What Were the Objectives of That Deregulation and How Were They Achieved. *† Find Law Library 08/15/1998 25 Nov 2008 http://library. findlaw. com/1988/Sep/1/129304. html. *Bailey, Elizabeth E. â€Å"Airline Deregulation Confronting the Paradoxes. † Regulation: The Cato Review of Business and Government* 15, no. 3. Available online at: *http://www. cato. org/pubs/regulation/regv15n3/reg15n3-bailey. html*. *Transportation Security Administration*

The Fundamentals of How to Write a Leadership Essay about Yourself Examples Revealed

The Fundamentals of How to Write a Leadership Essay about Yourself Examples Revealed Want to Know More About How to Write a Leadership Essay about Yourself Examples? To start with, you want to supply the very clear leadership definition to make sure the reader is knowledgeable about the term's meaning. Technology may be ideal for work but if you're spending quality time with the family, technology may get disruptive. Introduction Leadership is a distinctive quality that not everybody can possess. Terrific Leaders have integrity on the 1 side and affability on the opposite. First of all, unplug if you're able to. Leadership is not only about the individual leading, it only works whenever there are several executing and distributing the excellent choices throughout people. Situations do arise where relationship-oriented leadership is required, but for the large part, most companies and corporations have a tendency to adhere to the facets of the task-oriented leadership model. Brainstorm and think carefully about what you wish to write in your own personal statement and the way you need to share your own, unique story. Choosing How to Write a Leadership Essay about Yourself Examples Behavioral leadership isn't really a form of leadership. Being the most critical characteristic that defines leadership, positive attitude is vital energy a leader must have. Positive leaders tap into the ability of a vision and locate a way forward. Conclusion A very good leader has the capability to inspire others and instil leadership qualities in his subordinates to create future leaders. As a way to be nice and efficient leader an individual must have to create many built-in skill One can't be effective as a leader without developing leadership abilities. A leader ought to be in a position to grasp the environment in which he lives. He must have knowledge. A good leader commands respect and doesn't necessary demand respect. Unlike your teacher who must read your essay to supply you with a grade, admissions staff don't need to read anything they don't wish to. Before you begin with the leadership essay writing, you're suggested to conduct research and determine the main goal of its writing. Leadership essays, generally, are likely to be quite different than the essays you're utilised to writing for class. Writing a college essay on leadership will take you a particular amount of time, but the knowledge you'll get while writing will be of fantastic use to you. The Hidden Truth About How to Write a Leadership Essay about Yourself Examples Leadership defined a s a set of qualities which make an individual exhorts peers to adhere to the ideas and adjust the world. Be creative in selecting your topic as it's important leadership trait! A leader infuses a feeling of positivity and directs other people to reach the designated goal. A thought leader not only grants you the nudge to boost your degree of motivation for a particular job but also it develops confidence in you to accomplish your goals with no sinking feeling. Rather, it seems at case studies and quantitative approaches occasionally in order to examine the behaviors exhibited by leaders in numerous occasions and situations. Leadership is understood to be the ability to properly influence others for the sole aim of cohesively accomplishing similar targets and objectives. It is defined as the process in which an individual influences the group of individuals to attain a common goal'. Behavioral leadership differs from situational leadership, which tends to concentrate on the p otency of leadership styles based on the many stimuli which can be found in the environment of the leader and the organization. Developing a leadership essay isn't a daunting undertaking. Therefore, you can write a fantastic Importance of a leadership essay. Influence is raw power in an organization. Use examples and samples to aid you. Again, it is to get an impact on the character, development, or behavior of a person or something. The part of a thought leader No, it isn't a matter of telepathy where mind of somebody is controlled by deep meditation and certain mysterious actions. The future would be worth the fight. Harsh reality was the only means to articulate himself. How to Write a Leadership Essay about Yourself Examples Secrets Especially in the event the leader is but in transition and doesn't have to invest much time in the growth of the folks under him. An actual leader produces a following of people who share the exact same vision that's aligned with their mission and purpose. A positive leader sees what's feasible then requires the following measures to rally and unite individuals to create it. The best leader isn't necessarily the one who does the best things. If you're a like-minded individual, be sure you have a look at our current openings! If you double the range of experiments that you do per year you're likely to double your inventiveness. It's therefore also important that there's an ethical process in place that individuals can follow with respect in their quest to get problems dealt with in a wholesome way.

Essay on Draculas Death in Bran Strokers Novel Dracula

Draculas Death in Bram Strokers Novel Dracula In Bram Strokers infamous novel, Dracula, he tries to explain the life of the undead, then continues to explain how to kill these creatures of the night. We find out that you must stab a vampire in the heart with a wooden stake, and then slash off their head. This is the only way that we are led to believe that you may be able to kill these undead. We learn this through Stokers vampire expert Van Helsing, he seems to be the most educated on the subject of the undead and creatures of the night, otherwise known as vampires. He explains to the rest of the posse, which consists of; Harker, Quincy, Dr. Seaward, and the Van Helsing, on how this feat must be done. But later, in one of the†¦show more content†¦They went to her catacomb, when they found her they drove a wooden stake into her heart and soon followed it up with cutting her head off and filling their mouths with garlic. According to Van Helsing, this was the only known way to free Lucys soul into heaven. Dracula w as not stabbed with a wooden stake, nor was he decapitated. These were all the ways that we were led to believe that was the way you were to kill a vampire. Draculas death left many questions unanswered. He turned into a pile of dust, which he could have merely shape shifted into. Minas marks had disappeared, Dracula was the head vampire he is sure to have special powers like; being able to turn into mist, fog, etc., and Mina seemed to return to normal, just another power. As we went through the novel, Lucy needed to be decapitated and stabbed, and three female vampires at Draculas castle needed to be decapitated, to be killed. If all of these vampires, who were far less powerful than Dracula, had to be killed in this way, then why would it only take a simple Bowie knife to kill the lead vampire? This is the true mystery of the novel. I believe he Dracula has all these powers, why would it take much less to kill him? We have seen him turn into fog and what not, so how he could not turn into dust to escape is not unreasonable. He used his shape shifting powers to get out of another life threatening situation, and therefore is still alive when the novel ends. The novel is informative parts on